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NEWS

NEWS

2019.09.12

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什么是分项记录请求书(发票)等的保存方式?

2019年10月起,分项记录请求书等的保存方式到底是怎么回事 ?我们来跟现行制度一边比较,一边进行说明。

首先

现在,消费税的进项税额抵免虽然是通过「请求书等保存方式」的方法来进行核算,2019年10月起将通过「分项记录请求书等」,2023年10月起将通过「适格请求书等保存方式(也就是·INVOICE制度)」来进行核算。

首先要来理解一下进项税额抵免

应缴消费税金额的计算是,从期间内所收入的消费税额里扣除期间内所支出的消费税额。

把这里的「扣除所支出消费税额」的部分,称之为进项税额抵免。

计算应缴消费税金额时,为了扣除支出消费税额(进项税抵免),记录课税进项(支出消费说额)等事实的账目,请求书(发票)等必须要保存。

一部分特例就是,账目和请求书(发票)两者如果不同时保存,那么所支出的消费税额就不能扣除(进项税额抵免)。 保存好由交易对方提供的请求书(发票),是进项税额抵免的一个重要环节,把这个重要环节称之为「请求书等保存方式」。

所谓分项记录请求书等保存方式

2019年10月1日起消费税的轻减税率开始实施。伴随这项税制实施,凡进项或销售中有符合轻减税率项目的企业者,要在到目前为止所发注的请求书上,按照不同税率分项记录(分项记录请求书等),并分项做会计账目。这就是所谓的「分项记录请求书等保存方式」。

先行请求书与分项记录请求书等的具体参照,如下表。

 

期間 会计账目
记录事项
请求书等
记录事项
2019年9月30日截至【现行制度】 ①课税进项对方的姓名或名称
②交易年月日
③交易项目内容
④交易价格
①请求书发行者的姓名或名称
②交易年月日
③交易内容
④交易价格
⑤请求书接受者的姓名或名称
2019年10月1日开始
2023年9月30日截至
【分项记录请求书等保存方式】
(以上之外追加事项)
⑥符合轻减税率对象的交易项目要做标明
(以上之外追加事项)
⑦符合轻减税率对象的交易项目要做标明
⑧按不同税率分别统计总的含税金额

 

另外,即使在分项记录请求书等保存方式的实施之下,下面事项与现行制度同样,不满3万日元的交易或从自动贩卖机购入等,像这样如有不得已的理由没有收到请求书(发票)时,在会计账目备注里,只要有相关的事项记录说明,进项税抵免同样适用。

还有,从交易对方收到请求书上如果没有做到「⑥符合轻减税率对象的交易项目做标明」和「⑦按不同税率分别统计总的含税金额」两项要求时,对于这些项目,请求书接受者可以根据事实情况进行追加记录。

关于具体分项记录请求书等保存方式的详细,欢迎来我们税理士事务所进行咨询。

雇佣外国人的第一步

出入国管理和难民认定法,换句话说入管法的改正法案已被公布,并于2019年4月1日起正式实施了。就大家都比较关心的,扩大外国人劳动力这一法案,下面来解说一下。

首先

中小企业要雇佣在日外国人及留学生时,必须要了解掌握怎样的最新情报,需要事先讨论那些事项,下面我们来总结一下。

外国人和日本人在雇佣管理上的不同

雇佣外国人时,与雇佣日本的最大不同之处,①向政府部门提交的文件要远远多于日本人,②必须要求员工理解的东西也很多,③即使跟日本人同等待遇,也会有很多情况出现,等等对这些都有必要事先了解掌握。 有关详细,请参考下面的对照表。

 

项目 外国人 日本人
录用时 要确认,是否持有合法就业资格(可就业在留资格),如果非法就业的话,公司被处罚 持有日本国籍的,左栏项目不需要考虑
雇佣中 可就业在留资格已经失效了还在被雇佣的话,将会因违反入国管理法而受到处罚 同上
留学生临时工的雇佣 ・对工作时间有限定(一周不得超过28小时) 工作时间原则上一周40小时
雇佣中的注意点 ・确定对自己职业生涯没有益处的话,很容易跳巢
・公司如果不做出必要的保护管理,有发生各种纠纷的可能
 

 

另外,在缴纳社会保险和税务方面,外国人跟日本人基本是一样的。而且外国人跟日本人有着同样的能力和工作经验的话,劳动条件等待遇也必须是一样的。

外国人的就业形式

简单一句「请外国人来工作」,却又各种各样的形式。 例如,有下面几种。

① 公司正式社员
② 只有不满1年的短期,因特定项目就职
③ 派遣人员
④ 临时工
⑤ 2019年4月1日起持有「特定技能」在留资格人员
⑥ 业务被委托方

如果是作为业务委托签约或派遣人员产生的雇佣关系的话,或许在在留资格方面不用太过分注意。

但是,除了上面情况之外,对于在留资格不单单只是要确认,基于下面的几项内容,对其之后的更新状况也都必须有个系统性的管理。

① 要确认现在所持有的在留资格是否有更换或更新的必要
② 在大学里学的专业是否与工作内容相匹配
③ 是否让工作时间在限定范围之内(能否确认是否存在其他的临时工作)
④ 持有配偶者在留资格时,目前是不是离婚状态要确认

所谓执行官员

近几年,经常会听到执行官员这个官衔词。执行官员到底属不属于董事或审计监督这样的官衔呢!在这里我们就来探讨一下关于执行官员这一职务吧。

首先

感觉在规模比较大的公司,执行官员这一职务增加起来。执行官员,具有什么样的职务当但和立场呢!

公司法上来讲不是社长而是使用者

所谓执行官员就是,基于公司董事会的决定具有掌管公司执行权力的一种职位。 同科长,部长一样,在公司外部作为一种职务尊称。

执行官员,也像董事长,审计监督长一样被称之为「官员」,被混同在一起的很多,但与其它职务是不一样的。

这里首先最要的一点是,官员的意思是不同的。官员,分为公司法上被称作的官员,和一般被称作的官员,有2种。

一般所说的官员,被解释为包含执行官员在内,而这在公司法上并不是官员只是使用者。 通常情况下,是不被认可从事公司经营权的,也就能考虑到他不是属于官员了。

在法人税法上,法人即公司的董事,执行员,会计参与,审计监督,理事,监事及清算人员等,从事公司经营的特定人物被称为「官员」。

法人税法上的对应

相谈顾问等在公司内部具有类似此类职务的人员,从所担当职务上判断同,其他官员一样具有实质性从事公司经营权的人员,在法人税法上是被认可的官员。

这一点,通常情况下执行官员,是不属于法人税法上的官员的。 主要理由有下面2点。

① 不是作为董事被选举的,自然不是公司法上的官员,在董事会上也就没有决议权的
② 随由董事会委任,但只是负责日常工作管理,不被认可从事公司经营权的

不属于法人税法上的官员,在工资发放方面也不必在意是否每个月都是定额工资。 但是,最近常听到在税务调查时,把执行官员当作是官员来处理的实例。

法人税法不在乎形式而比较重视实质性的东西,不管怎么说只是执行官员的职称而已,被断定从事公司经营了,就同官员一样处理,要遵守定期定额工资这项制度。

企业内要启用执行官员这一职务时,想要讨论一下执行官员会不会被认为从事公司经营等问题的话,欢迎到我们事务所来咨询。

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