NEWS

NEWS

NEWS

2020.07.29

成立第二次补正预算案

首先

6月8日,日本国会上提出了本年度第2次补正预算案,其事业规模高达117兆日元。第2次补正预算案对中小企业的支援活动有所增加,即强化了房租支援救助金的创立和持久化企业支援金的对应,又扩充了雇佣调整资助金。

创立了支援6个月房租的房租支援救助金

为救济因5月紧急事态宣言的延长而导致销售额大幅下降的企事业者,对有支付房租的企事业者,启用「房租支援救助金」这一新的项目。

支付对象为满足以下2个条件的企事业者。

  1. 支付房租的企事业者当中,资本金不满10亿日元的中型,中小型,小规模企业以及自主经营的自由职业者
  2. 今年5月到12月之间「任意一个月的销售额与前一年同月份相比减少50%以上」或「连续3个月的销售额比前年同期减少30%以上」

另外,支援金额为离申请日最近的6个月房租。

支付比例以及支付上限金额,如下表所示。

原则 例外
(持有多个店铺等)
支付比例 一个月房租的2/3 月房租的2/3+
月房租超过上限金额部分的1/3
支付上限额 公司50万日元
个人25万日元
公司100万日元
个人50万日元

一定的自由职业者也被列为持续化支援金的救助对象

自由职业者的收入,在税法上是作为杂物所得和工资所得来申报的,但对于自主个体经营者来说,在所得税申报书上有主要收入的记载,并且对其收入和经营状态,有相关的资料可以证明,便符合持续化支援金的申请对象。

前提条件是受新型冠状病毒影响,销售额比前一年同月比要减少50%以上。个体经营者最多可拿到支援金100万日元,但相比前一年总销售额的减少部分,作为支援上限额度。

以取代雇佣调整资助金的新制度诞生

为了保护不得已被迫停业的国民的生活,根本性的扩充了雇佣调整资助金。

以中小企业及大企业为对象,把日额上限由8,330日元特例提高到15,000日元(月额33万日元)。适用时期追溯到从4月1日起,到9月30日结束。

另外,创立了劳动者可以直接申请的「新型冠状病毒感染症对应停业支援金(临时)」。对从工作单位未能拿到休假津贴的人最大支付33万日元。其支付对象为中小企业的劳动者,支付额为其平均工资的80%(月支付额上限33万日元)。

此项补正制度也是,适用时期追溯到从4月1日起,到9月30日结束。

今年开始实行“单亲控除”

首先

到目前为止,对未婚单亲父母还享受不到 “寡妇(夫)控除”这一可以减少所得税和居民税的轻减税制。今年起这种差异将会得到解决,引入“单亲控除”轻减税制,以减轻未婚单亲父母的所得税和居民税负担

以往的“寡妇(夫)控除”税制

为减轻单亲家庭所得税・居民税的负担,设立了“寡妇(夫)控除”税务制度。“寡妇(夫)控除”对象只限定于配偶死别者,离婚后未再婚者或配偶生死不明者。

换句话说,适用“寡妇(夫)控除”的大前提是有婚史者。同样是单亲, 离婚或丧偶者可适用“寡妇(夫)控除”, 而未婚单亲却不能享受这一轻减税制,这就出现了由于结婚履历的有无而待遇不同的问题。

另外,存在男性单亲和女性单亲的“寡妇(夫)控除”的金额不同等,因性别不同而待遇不同的问题。

“单亲控除”税制的诞生

此次,从对所有的单亲家庭公平进行支援的观点来考虑,推出“单亲控除”税制, 对“寡妇(夫)控除”税制也增加了一定的修改。

无论婚姻履历和性别如何, 对于抚养共同生计子女的(一定年收入一下)单身人士, “单亲控除”税制统一适用(扣除额:所得税35万日元,居民税30万日元)。 另外,对于上述以外的寡妇, 将继续适用“寡妇(夫)控除”税制,扣除金额为27万日元(居民税26万日元)。对于持有小孩以外抚养亲属的寡妇与寡丈夫同样设置所得税限额。

所得税在修改前后的扣除所得金额

关于所得税修改前后的扣除所得金额的详细,请预览财政部网站的信息。

<参考: 個人所得課税・資産課税(PDF:226KB)> https://www.mof.go.jp/tax_policy/publication/brochure/zeiseian20/zeiseian02_01.pdf

不难看出,抚养子女的单亲父母,无论男女,有无婚史等,都有资格受用“单亲控除”税制。

另一方面有必要注意的是, 拥有小孩子以外扶养亲属或没有抚养人的情况下,男女还并没有得到同等待遇。

当事者没有意识到这一新税制

因为像这样的“单亲控除”税制还是一项新的制度, 适合此项税制的人有可能自己本身都还没有意识到。

读解损益计算表

首先

正确理解财务报表在经营上是不可缺少的。对在PL (Profit and loss statement的简略)损益计算表中出现的5种利润,来进一步了解一下吧。

损益计算表的结构

销售额
销售成本
① 销售利润
销售及一般管理费用
② 营业利润
营业外收入
营业外支出
③ 正常利润
特殊收入
特殊损失
④ 税前利润
所得税
⑤ 净利润

损益计算表的顶部是「销售额」项。这是公司在一定期间的销售额。在销售额之下是「销售成本」。这是该时期内为增加销售量,而购买商品的成本。

销售成本直下便是五种利润中的第一种,即“销售利润”。该“销售利润”有时被称为“毛利”。“销售利润”下面是“销售及一般管理费用”。这通常缩写为“ SG&A费用”,在日本简称为「贩管费」。

与主要业务相关的所有业务活动费用都记录在这里。此外,一般行政和会计等人事费用也包括在内。

“销售和一般管理费用”下面是第二利润,即“营业利润”。

正如您所看到的字面意思一样,营业利润实际上是由主要业务的业务活动所带来的利润。营业利润下面是“营业外收入”和“营业外支出”。营业外是指主业务的营业活动之外的业务。这包括利息收入和利息支出等。
在营业利润之上,追加或扣除营业外收入和营业外支出之后所得的第三利润,即“正常利润”。 正常利润是由指主业务以及主业务以外,所有业务活动所产生的利润。在日本很多时候称为“keitsune”。

正常利润之下是“特殊收入”和“特殊损失”。 “特殊”表示仅在该营业年度出现的意思。在正常利润之上追加或扣除特殊收入和特殊损失之后所得的便是第四笔利润,即“税前利润”。

从税前利润里扣除所得税和其他税项后,便是最后一项第五个利润,即“净利润”。在报纸上被提到的“当期利润”,“净利润”,“最终利润”,都是指的净利润。

如何查看损益计算表,以提高经营意识

如何查看损益计算表提高经营意识,让我们来看一下其方法之一。
例如,要让一名员工接受1周5万日元学费的培训。公司提高多少销售额才能支付这5万日元的学费呢?当然,这取决于公司的利润结构,假设公司的毛利润率(=毛利润÷销售额×100)定为5%,那么要支付5万日元的培训费用,就必须销售额达到100万日元才可以。

也就是说,5万日元的培训费实际上匹敌于100万日元的销售额。习惯性查看损益计算表,可以提高对成本和经营管理的意识。

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  • Russell Bedford
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