NEWS

NEWS

NEWS

2025.12.26

禁止由卖方承担汇款手续费

前言

随着《防止外包款项支付延迟等法》(外包法)的全面修订,自2026年1月起更名为《关于防止对制造委托等相关中小受托企业支付款项延迟等的法律》(取适法)。

修改后预计约半数交易将作为整改对象

《取适法》仍沿用“交易内容”与“资本金标准”来界定适用对象交易,并新增了“员工标准”。

资本金标准:例如在物品制造委托等交易中,若委托方资本金超过3亿日元,而承接委托的中小企业受托方资本金在3亿日元以下,则该企业间交易将受《取适法》监管。

员工标准(新增):例如在物品制造委托等交易中,若委托方企业常年雇佣员工超过300人,而中小受托方企业常年雇佣员工在300人以下,该交易即受《取适法》约束。

  • 员工人数标准因行业而异(制造业300人、服务业100人等)
  • 常雇员工人数包含临时工

到现在为止,约35%的制造业交易,约41%的运输业·邮政业交易属于《下包法》监管范围。预计本次修订后,受监管交易比例将增加4%至12%。

不管有没有协议,都禁止扣除汇款手续费

关于代金支付相关的银行账户汇款手续费,若未经书面协议即要求分包商承担并从代金中扣除,则属于“减少分包代金金额”的行为而被禁止;但只要存在书面协议,允许从分包代金中扣除汇款手续费。

另一方面,修订后的《取适法》规定,“无论是否存在协议”,均禁止从代金中扣除汇款手续费。因此,对于适用《取适法》的交易,即使书面约定由中小受托企业承担汇款手续费,仍构成违法。

适用期与处罚措施

  • 适用于令和8年1月1日以后的订货交易
  • 违规时可能面临公平交易委员会的劝告及企业名称等信息公示
  • 续签性合同亦以1月1日后订立的订单为适用起点

发票对应

此前依据协议从货款中扣除汇款手续费的委托方,对于适用《取适法》的交易,需变更合同条款等,由委托委托方承担汇款手续费。

由于汇款手续费承担方从中小受托企业(卖方)变更为委托方(买方),需特别注意其对会计处理及发票应对的影响。当卖方承担汇款手续费时,发票处理极为复杂;而改由买方承担后,买方可将汇款手续费计入为支付手续费,卖方则无需处理等额手续费,流程将更为简化。

关于“宿舍制度”的恰当运用

前言

关于“公司宿舍制度”,由于所得税与社会保险对实物工资的评估标准存在显著差异,需特别注意。

所得税:相当于租金的50%规则

根据所得税法规定,若公司向员工无偿或以低价提供住宅,其差额需作为实物报酬计入应税范围。为规避此税项,需通过特定方式计算的"租金相当额",向员工收取至少50%的宿舍使用费。该"租金相当额"并非基于普通房租或市场价,而是主要依据固定资产税评估额来计算。具体公式较为复杂,但主要由以下3项金额合计得出

  1. 建筑物固定资产税课税标准额×0.2%
  2. 12日元×(建筑物建筑面积÷3.3㎡)
  3. 土地固定资产税课税标准额×0.22%

租金相当额通常远低于市场租金水平,满足“50%规则”的门槛相对较低。这种机制既能控制员工缴纳的租金金额,又使差额部分免征税款,从而有效提升员工实际到手收入。

社会保险:标准报酬月额加算

在计算社会保险费时,需注意标准报酬月额的计算基础中必须计入公司提供员工宿舍所产生的经济利益。社会保险评估额与所得税计算方式截然不同,是根据每个都道府县的“每榻榻米的价格”计算的。

实物工资额=都道府县每张榻榻米的价格×居室用的榻榻米数

例如,令和7年4月起东京都地区,按每张榻榻米2,830日元计算的金额将作为每月住房收益计入标准报酬月额。每张榻榻米单价存在显著地域差异,东京、大阪等都市圈设定较高单价,其金额高于所得税租赁费相当额的情况并不罕见。

计算所得金额与实际向员工收取金额之间的差额,需作为实物工资计入标准报酬月额。

需注意:若按所得税基准设定公司宿舍租金,即使不产生税负仍可能产生社会保险负担。此种情况下不仅员工需承担费用,公司也需分担成本,因此设定宿舍租金时务必充分考虑社会保险的处理方式。

实务上的简便运用及其风险

在实务操作中,当难以精确计算租金相当额时,也存在按支付给房东租金的50%征收的操作方式。但这种做法缺乏法律依据。

在税务调查或社会保险调查中,可能被要求按原始计算方法重新核算,存在因差额被追征税款或追溯征收社会保险费(最长两年)的风险。特别是社会保险费还需承担企业分摊部分,影响更为显著。制定完善的员工宿舍管理规定并依法规范运营至关重要。

【注意事项】

  • 高管住宅的计算方法不同(特别是豪华住宅要注意)
  • 132平方米以下住宅可采用简易计算方式

废除汽油税暂定税率执政党与野党达成一致

前言

长期以来困扰日本税制问题的汽油税临时税率,此次在执政党与在野党的工作人员协商中正式达成年内废除的共识。这对饱受物价高涨之苦的国民生活,特别是离不开汽车使用的地区经济而言,无疑是个重大利好消息。

废除协议的概要及其对价格的影响

汽油税上叠加的暂定税率为每升合计25.1日元。该税率废止后,预计零售价格将永久性下调约27.6日元,其中包含该金额及相关消费税部分(约2.5日元)。

  • 汽油:12月31日废止暂定税率25.1日元/升
  • 柴油:暂定税率17.1日元/升将于次年4月1日废止(先行通过补贴调整价格)

为避免价格剧烈波动引发混乱,在废止日前将采取过渡措施,逐步增加现有价格抑制补贴。预计12月上旬仅靠补贴即可实现与废止暂定税率同等的油价水平。

运输业、物流业、建筑业等车辆使用密集型企业的燃料成本将永久性降低。此举有助于抑制运输费用,进而促进整体物价稳定。特别是轻油临时税率的废止,将直接降低卡车运输成本。

令人担忧的财源问题及其对企业的影响

汽油价格下调将使自驾家庭的年支出减少数千日元~一万日元以上。由于地方居民出行高度依赖汽车,预计其经济效益将大于都市地区。此外,运输成本降低有助于提升企业竞争力并缓解物价上涨压力。另一方面,由于预计将导致约1.5兆日元的年度税收减少,财源问题令人担忧。暂定税率,国家和地方合计产生了每年约1.5兆日元的巨额税收。该税收主要作为道路特定财源用于道路整备和公共交通基础设施的维持管理。

本次协议提出,将以“面向法人的租税特别措施的重新评估”及“高额所得者的税负担的重新评估”等方案为基础,在年底前确定替代减收部分的财源。作为替代方案的租税特别措施调整,可能对企业构成实质性增税。

  • 缩减工资增长税收优惠
  • 缩减研发税收优惠
  • 调整中小企业投资促进税收政策

对于非运输业企业而言,相较于汽油费用的削减额度,这些税收优惠缩减带来的负担增加风险更大。面向年末的税制改革大纲,有必要慎重研究对本公司的影响。

今后展望税制改革波及

此次执政党与在野党的协议,不仅涉及临时性补贴,更是对税率的永久性调整,堪称终结多年“临时”状态的历史性第一步。

然而,财源保障问题依然存在。围绕财源的讨论,将逐步延伸至整个税制体系,特别是企业优惠政策与高收入群体征税方式等税制结构的根本性改革。

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  • Russell Bedford
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