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2026.02.02

令和8年度税制改革大纲发布

前言

令和8年度税制改革大纲已经发布。由于对遗产税和赠与税计算中特定出租用房地产的评估进行了重大调整,因此预计影响将十分显著。

改革背景

在继承税和赠与税中,房地产的价值通常依据国家或地方政府制定的“路线价”或“固定资产税评估额”来计算。路线价每年参照地价公示价格及实际交易案例等因素确定,其设定值普遍低于实际成交价格,通常被视为市场价格的八成左右。

这一制度的优点在于全国统一、计算简便,因此多年来一直沿用至今。然而近年来,特别是城市地区,房地产价格持续上涨,实际成交价与继承税评估额之间的差距不断扩大。结果出现了“持有房地产比持有现金更能降低继承税”的情况,引发了对税收公平性的质疑。

向接近市场价格的评估方式转变

令和8年度税制改革大纲提出,将特定出租用房地产的评估方式,从以路线价为中心的方式,转向更加接近实际交易价格(市价)的方向。其目的在于,使继承发生时土地的价值更加贴近现实。评估额更接近实际情况,有助于减少因继承财产构成不同而产生的不公平感,提高税制整体的合理性。然而,也可能出现评估额上升、继承税或赠与税负担增加的情况。此次改革的目的并非全面增税,而是实现“按真实价值课税”。

取得后5年以内的土地为对象

此次改革中备受关注的是“继承前5年内取得的特定出租用房地产”的处理方式。对于在此期间购买的特定出租用房地产,将不再采用路线价或固定资产税评估额,而是以购买时的价格为基础进行评估。这是为了防止在继承前短期内购买房地产、通过评估差异进行节税的行为。短期取得的房地产将以实际支付金额为重,抑制以节税为目的的购房行为。长期持有的房地产不受影响,改革重点在于“取得时间”。

项目 现行制度 改革后(草案)
评估方法 路线价(约为市场价8成)或固定资产税评估额 更接近市场实际价格
对象 所有房地产 继承前五年内取得的特定出租类房地产
节税效果 通过购入房地产可降低评估额 短期取得的节税效果受限

今后的继承对策要点

若此次改革正式实施,房地产作为继承策略的思路将迎来重大转折。尤其是以继承为目的、在继承前短期购入土地或建筑物的方式,可能不再具有以往的节税效果。因此,“只要购买房地产就能降低继承税”这一观念,今后可能将不再适用。但这并不意味着房地产继承对策本身被否定。适当的对策仍需根据持有期限、使用状况及家庭构成等因素综合判断。应密切关注法改动向,尽早整理信息,制定适合自身情况的继承规划。

事前确定申报工资的制度风险

前言

在合同会社或特例有限会社等没有规定董事任期的公司中,如果支付事前确定申报工资,将无法计入损金。因此在考虑使用该制度时,需要充分的事前准备。

什么是事前确定申报工资

支付给董事的奖金原则上不能计入损金。但作为例外,“事前确定申报工资”允许企业事先确定支付时间和金额,并向主管税务署申报后,将该金额作为损金处理。对于希望灵活性支付董事报酬的企业来说,这是一项极为重要的制度。

制度的宗旨在于防止企业通过董事报酬进行任意的利润调节,同时允许合理规划的董事报酬计入损金。如果不理解制度本质,仅关注申报手续,往往会因忽视申报期限或文件管理而导致制度无法有效发挥作用。

合同会社・特例有限会社的制度性的问题

此外,对于有限责任公司和特例有限会社还需注意以下事项:根据《公司法》规定,合同会社和特例有限会社没有董事任期;合同会社没有法律规定的“社員総会”。

股份有限公司可在定期股东大会结束后1个月内,或事业年度开始后4个月内提交申报。但合同会社和特例有限会社没有董事任期,也没有定时股东大会,因此制度要求的“申报期限”无法成立,导致无法进行申报。

由于制度上并不存在应当遵守的申报期限,结果导致企业难以进行申报。即使事先制定了支付计划,也会出现无法作为事前确定申报工资计入损金的问题。

这一点在实务中非常容易被忽视。许多企业误以为“只要办理申报手续就可以”,便直接发放了奖金,之后却被作出不利的税务判断。即便企业了解该制度的存在,但由于缺乏必要的前提条件而无法适用的案例,在税务咨询中实属常见。

无法计入损金的后果

如果无法适用事前确定申报工资,支付给董事的奖金将全部不得计入损金,导致法人税负担增加。尤其是将董事报酬调整作为节税手段的中小企业,更容易出现意料之外的税负。在实际操作中,也常见“虽然理解制度,但不知道不存在申报期限”这一误解,从而产生大额税负的案例。

奖金一旦支付后几乎无法撤销,处理不当还会影响公司的资金周转,因此必须格外注意。

对策与今后讨论的重点

要解决这一问题,需要通过修改公司章程来设定董事任期、设立社員总会等制度性安排。只要设定了任期,就会产生“任期开始日”这一基准日,从而确定事前确定申报工资的申报期限。此外,还应结合董事报酬的调整时机和决算时间表,研究以符合制度要求的方式进行运用。这并不是合同会社或特例有限会社这种公司形态本身的问题,而是在未完善制度机制的情况下就发放董事奖金,这一点才是风险所在,需要特别注意。

忘年会・新年会与所得税

前言

年末年初,许多企业都会筹办忘年会或新年会等内部活动。这类活动有助于增进员工之间的交流、提升团队士气,但与此同时,公司承担的相关费用在税务上的处理方式,也可能引发一定的问题。

社内活动的税务基本规则

作为年末年初的惯例活动,许多企业都会举办忘年会或新年会。这类以慰劳员工、提升士气、促进沟通为目的的内部活动,有助于营造良好的职场氛围、增强组织凝聚力,在企业经营中发挥着不可忽视的作用。从税务角度来看,关键在于员工从公司获得的利益是否构成应税所得,其处理方式取决于提供的目的及受益者范围。一般而言,如果忘年会或新年会是面向全体员工、以福利为目的举办的,即使员工享受了饮食或会场等提供,也不会被视为员工个人获得经济利益,因此不属于工资所得税征税范围。

只要忘年会或新年会并非仅限董事或特定部门,而是所有员工都有平等参加机会,通常可作为福利厚生费处理,公司在费用计入方面也不会产生问题。因此,忘年会或新年会本身在大多数情况下无需担心税务风险,但仍需注意,活动的运用方式可能会导致例外情况的发生。

奖品或赠品需特别注意

另一方面,作为忘年会或新年会的热门节目,诸如宾果游戏或抽奖活动中提供的景品,其税务处理方式与餐饮服务有所不同。

这些奖品或赠品并非业务执行所必需,而是被视为归属于员工个人的利益,因此在税务上需要判断其所得类别。这里需要特别注意的是,通过宾果游戏或抽奖获得的景品属于“偶然所得”。所谓偶然所得,是指不具有持续性、偶发性取得的收入,与赛马中奖金、抽奖奖金、活动中奖礼品等属于同一类别。地方捐赠返礼品(如“故乡纳税”的返礼品)也是典型的偶然所得。偶然所得在一年内的合计金额可享受 50 万日元的特别扣除,但如果奖品或赠品价值较高,或与其他偶然所得合并后超过该限额,则可能成为课税对象。这一点并不广为人知,因此需要特别注意。

奖品类型 税务处理 公司应对
物品(家电、食品等) 在常识范围内可作为福利费用处理;金额较高时视为偶然所得 若金额较高,建议向员工进行说明
现金 原则上视为“工资(奖金) 需要进行预扣所得税
商品券・礼品卡 原则上视为“工资(奖金) 需要进行预扣所得税

避免风险的要点

在处理忘年会或新年会的税务问题时,事前整理好活动的目的、对象范围以及提供内容非常重要。如果整个活动能够被认定为员工福利,那么向员工提供的饮食将不属于工资课税对象。另一方面,奖品或赠品的所得性质不同,因此企业需要掌握其金额、种类及领取者,并建立在必要时能够说明所得类别的管理机制。

在会计处理上,应注意区分福利费用与交际费用,并保留能够在税务调查时进行说明的记录。只要在活动举办前确认相关规则,就能有效避免不必要的税务纠纷。

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  • Russell Bedford
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