NEWS

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NEWS

2022.11.28

公布发票预先准备检查表

首先

通过使用国税厅公布的检查表,对于那些担心不知道具体准备什么的人可能会有所帮助,我们试着了解一下吧。

即使是免税经营者也需要研究

国税厅公布的检查表分为登记篇、卖方篇和买方篇,并从各个角度指出了需要考虑和注意的事项。通常,经营者在每次交易中既是卖方又是买方,因此可以说有必要从各个角度确认需要注意的点。

登记篇指出,由经营者决定是否登记为开具发票的企业,即使是消费税的免税经营者也需要考虑登记或不登记后所受到的影响。

如果是缴纳消费税的企业,不会犹豫是否注册为开票企业,但是对于免税经营者来说,如何选择课税经营者并登记为开具发票的企业,会对今后的事务手续产生很大的影响。另外,即使已经是消费税的课税经营者,原则上在2023年3月31日前提交注册申请,否则不能成为开具发票的经营者,请注意这一点。

作为卖家的检查点

卖方篇指出,为了履行作为发票开具企业交付发票的义务,必须考虑目前每笔交易交付了哪些文件,如何审查交付的文件以确定其是否符合发票的要求,并确保与商业伙伴对公司注册的事实和发票的构成有统一的认识。

发票必须有注册号、适用的税率和消费税的金额等。 如果消费税金额产生不足1日元的尾数,将进行“每一个发票税率1次”的尾数处理。 应再次检查发票格式。

此外,以前免税经营者注册后将成为课税经营者,因此他们也需要确认其商品和服务的价格是否有加上消费税的金额。

作为买方应该注意的地方

买方篇指出,一般纳税申报时,有必要提前确认适用进项税额扣除而收到的发票等是否符合描述要求,并提前考虑如何储存和管理收到的发票等。在补充和管理发票等时能够分别管理有发票号码和无发票号码的发票等是很重要的。 也请参见国家税务局公布的检查表。

<インボイス制度への事前準備の基本項目チェックシート>
https://www.nk-net.co.jp/nisiyodogawa/assets/files/taxinfo/09.pdf

关于保存信用卡明细

首先

如果保存了信用卡明细的话,就不需要单独的收据?不幸的是,情况并非如此。即使在发票制度开始前的现阶段,这样的文件存储方法也是不允许的。

法人税法的规定

法人必须保留账簿和记录其交易,并将这些账簿和与交易有关的文件等保留至少七年,从提交本财政年度纳税申报的到期日的第二天开始。

就法人税法而言,如果支付的金额、支付的日期、收款人的姓名和地址、支付的原因和其他细节能够在总账和日记账等账簿中得到确认,即使没有保留收据本身,该费用也不会被取消。
※当然最好有各种收据等

消费税法的规定

另一方面,在消费税法中,作为进项税额扣除的必要条件,有义务保存帐簿及发票,在没有开具发票的交易中,收据相当于发票等。

此类发票的要求如下

  1. 文件制作者的姓名或名称
  2. 交易年月日
  3. 交易内容
  4. 交易金额
  5. 接受文件交付的经营者的姓名或名称

信用卡明细是信用卡公司发给该卡用户的,而不是由向该卡用户销售商品或服务的企业准备和签发的文件,因此不符合消费税法上要求的上述发票等。

因此,在消费税法上,信用卡使用明细的保存没有特别的意义,要求使用信用卡支付时保存单独发票。

发票制度下也一样

商业发票政策发票保存的方法是一样的。 由于信用卡公司出具的明细不是由交易方出具的,也不包含满足发票要求的信息,因此有必要保存店铺出具的收据。

现在,在信用卡业界,好像也没有听到信用卡公司交付的明细作为发票记载等保存方法。

到现在为止只存储信用卡明细的企业需要尽快考虑如何处理这个问题。

关于银行抵押品

首先

有关银行要求的抵押品,包括哪些资产是合适的,以及如何进行估值。

为什么是抵押品

向银行申请贷款时,可能被要求提供抵押品。如果银行贷款需要抵押品时,将来没有偿还贷款能力时,它可以把抵押品转换成现金来偿还贷款。银行融资有以抵押担保方式,也有担保协会的贷保证方式。

担保方式有很多。房地产是银行贷款最常见的抵押品。存款和证券也是常见的抵押品。此外,货物和产品的存货、应收账款、机械设备等都可以作为抵押品,但它们并不常用来作为银行贷款的抵押品。

例如,如果从A银行获得了7000万日元的贷款,并将可以卖出5000万日元的房地产抵押给银行,如果无法偿还贷款,银行可以通过出售房地产收回5000万日元,银行只需承担2000万日元的坏账损失。

如果没有抵押品,银行的损失将是7000万。因此,银行要求在其无法偿还贷款的情况下提供抵押品。

如何评估抵押品

银行根据你所抵押的资产等进行评估抵押品的价值。 如果抵押品具有较高的抵押价值,银行更容易发放较大金额的贷款。 银行是如何评估抵押品的价值?

首先,房地产包括土地和建筑物。 银行如何评估房地产的抵押价值,通常是与房地产估价师合作计算的。

虽然不同的银行有不同的房地产估价方法,但对于土地而言,市场价格是由遗产税评估值、公布价格等确定的,而抵押品价值的评估是将此价格乘以一个乘数。 当银行因为无法偿还贷款而拍卖房产时,并不是能够以当时的价格出售房产,所以银行认为抵押物的价值是以较低的估值乘以一个乘数。 一般来说,乘数将是70%左右。

【抵押品折扣】
金融机构在放贷时,往往会计算出该贷款的抵押品(房地产或股票等)价值,将该抵押品价值上乘以一定的百分比(例如存款为100%,优良上市公司的股票为80%~90%,房地产最高为80%等),并在该金额内进行贷款。

其次是存款,关于存款,非常简单。以存款金额本身进行评价。

最后是有价证券,经常被用作抵押的证券包括上市公司的股票、公司债券、国债、地方债券等。 其中,上市公司的股票和国债是最常被用作抵押品的。 证券作为抵押品的价值因银行而异,但一个粗略的指南是,上市公司的股票约为股价的50%,国债为票面价值的95%。 由于股价波动很大,乘数往往在50%左右,因此,股价可以是当前价格的一半。

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