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2023.03.28

发票负担减轻措施常见问题解答

首先

从今年10月开始,消费税发票系统将推出4项减负措施。

对于小型企业过渡性措施(20%特例)

无论之前是消费税的免税企业还是纳税企业,但在发票制度开始的时候选择成为消费税的课税经营者,到2026年9月末为止可以享受20%特例。

所谓20%特例,成为课税经营者的免税经营者的纳税负担控制在与销售额相关的消费税额的20%

例、营业额1,100(税込)、进项330(税込)
消費税的納税額は70(=100-30)是通常的纳税额度。
享受这个特列的消費税的納税額为
20(=100*20%)、消費税的納税負担会大大減轻。

但是,在没有接受登记的企业,(前两个财政年度)的课税销售额超过1千万日元的,原本不属于消费税免税企业等不包括在该特例的对象。

另外,必须注意的是,毕竟是时限措施,2026年9月末以后不能使用这个特例。

不足1万日元的交易可以不开发票(小额特例)

2023年10月1日以后,为了扣除进项税额,原则上需要发票。然而,一些交易会涉及小额付款,如银行转账费用或ETC付款。

如果连这些小的交易都要保留发票,那将是一个相当大的事务负担。因此,对于支付的报酬不足1万日元的应税采购,只要在账簿中记录了必要的信息,即使没有发票,也可以适用进项税额扣除。这就是小额特例。

小额特例适用于基准期间(前两个财政年度)的课税销售额在1亿日元以下或特定期间(上一个财政年度开始之日以后6个月的期间)的课税销售额在5千万日元以下的经营者。

请注意,例如,如果同时购买6千日元的商品和5千日元的商品,因为合计额超过1万日元,就不会成为小额特例的对象。

免除交付小额返还发票的义务

关于小额返还发票的交付义务免除,所有的经营者都是对象,而且是永久性的措施,所以没有规定适用期限。

含税不满1万日元的退货、降价、回扣等与销售额相关的补偿返还,免除返还发票的交付义务。对于卖方负担的相当于汇款手续费的金额,可以作为销售折扣或支付手续费处理,不需要开返还发票。

发票制度启动所产生的影响

首先

在发票制度中,有很多问题不是会计部门可以单独解决的。需要整理了解存在哪些问题以及如何解决这些问题很重要。

重新审视事务流程

首先,有两种类型的交易:有发票等的交易和无发票等的交易。对于有发票等的交易,付款是根据发票等进行的。

另一方面,对于无发票等的交易,有的是用合同和账户扣款记录等来代替发票,也有的是首先不需要保留发票的交易,如低于3万日元的公共交通。

前者与有发票等的交易相同,而后者必须根据负责人的申请进行支付,并且必须在会计帐簿上记载,说明省略保存发票的义务。

导入发票制度后,收到的发票等上没有写“发票”,所以也有必要判断是否符合发票。例如,下面的事情等需要根据公司的体制来决定。

  • 收到请求书等的人或该部门的总务负责人
  • 管理总帐的会计人员
  • 除此之外的人

收到的发票等不符合发票制度的情况

如果收到的发票等不符合发票制度的条件,为了适用可以过时措施,所以很多经营者必须在账簿上记载将该交易的临时支付消费费税的20%转移到租税公课等的日记账上。

即使只是考虑接受并支付账单等,也会发生选择和与其相伴的事务处理。比想象中更繁重的是对账簿记录的要求。

如果过渡性措施适用,适用过渡性措施的宗旨是为了使用发票等省略时候,则需要说明省略事项。

因为一个一个地记载评论是很辛苦,所以需要在摘要栏中下功夫登录评论。

需要检查发票制度中的交易发票

也需要设定对交易发票的检查程度制定。例如,可以说必须在公司内决定以下的事情要确认到什么程度。

  • 如果有登记号码的记载就OK
  • 金额基准,例如消费税额在1万日元以上的发票
    ※上述与国税厅的数据库进行核对,但消费税额不足1万日元不与数据库进行核对。
  • 对于交易频率高的客户,事先保存好登记号码,与之一致即可
  • 自动与国税厅数据库匹配

贷款应该从几家银行得到

首先

贷款不应该集中在一家主银行。无论公司的规模如何,都应该从多家银行获得贷款。

不应该集中在一个主银行的理由

当贷款的时候,不必因为公司销售额还小,就认为只能从一家银行贷款。出于以下原因,应从多家银行贷款。

为了增加融资的选择

作为应该在多家银行获得贷款的原因之一是为了增加贷款选择。只从主银行贷款的公司,如果不能再从该银行获得贷款,就很难从其他银行获得贷款。

有些经营者认为,如果不能从主银行贷款,就可以去新银行申请,但实际上并没有那么简单。根据经验,银行认为如果贷款给新公司,中途无法还款,很容易变成坏账。

当公司在寻找新的贷款时,通常首先想到的是咨询他们的主银行。然而,如果主银行不提供新贷款,那么公司别无选择,只能申请新贷款。申请新贷款的银行会认为,他们银行申请贷款的原因是被主银行拒绝了。

然后会考虑主银行为什么拒绝提供新的贷款。例如,该公司最近的业绩或财务状况恶化,或公司内部发生了什么问题等。这将迫使他们在发放贷款时更加谨慎。

考虑到这一点,可以了解到只从主银行贷款的风险。平时应该从多家银行贷款,并在每家银行做一个还款好记录。

因此,即使主银行拒绝贷款,也可以选择向另一家银行申请贷款。

另外,在这种情况下,请单独考虑政府附属金融机构。政府附属金融机构的定位是补充对民间金融的禁令,因此政府附属金融机构不计在内。

作为一个标准,如果公司的总借款超过5千万日元,至少应从3家金融机构获得贷款。

其他理由

应该从多家银行获得贷款的理由之二是为了让银行之间进行贷款条件的竞争。如果只在一家银行获得贷款,就不会发生银行间的竞争。通过从多家银行获得贷款,使其在银行间竞争,就有可能得到利息、偿还期间、有无担保等良好条件的贷款。

如果是一般交易,会考虑取得相报价来讨论订货方。即使是贷款,有竞争对手也会产生紧张感,所以得出的结论是贷款应该从多家银行获得。

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  • Russell Bedford
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