NEWS

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NEWS

2023.08.29

国税厅发布关于电子账簿的FAQ

首先

公布的通知和一问一答中,显示了关于账簿文件的保存、扫描保存、电子交易各制度的处理。

关于电子交易的“不要检索”

原则上,通过电子邮件等方式交换发票等时发生的电子交易发票,要求符合 "检索要求 "等的形式存储电子数据,以便能够按交易日期等检索数据。

但是,根据 2023 年税制修改,如果带有电子数据输出的文件是 "按交易日期或其他日期以及按照客户分开整理的状态,以备税务调查时应要求出示和提交电子数据的文件",则不需要检索条件,并且允许电子数据存储。 这意味着,即使发票是通过电子邮件等电子交易方式交换的,只要用打印文件妥善管理,即使无法按交易日期等检索也没有问题,只要以电子数据的形式存储即可。

具体的管理

具体来说,关于“按交易日期或其他日期以及按照客户分开整理的状态”,本次公布的通知指出,可通过以下方式之一进行管理。

  1. 按课税期间,按照交易年月日及其他日期的顺序汇总后,按客户分开进行整理
  2. 按课税期间,按客户汇总后,按交易年月日及其他日期的顺序进行整理
  3. 按照文件的种类,按照与1或2相同的方法进行整理

另外,必须根据整理好的输出文本,能够从保存的电子数据中找到必要的数据。

电子数据以书面形式输出的时期没有特别的规定。不过,最好定期输出文件并对其进行整理,以便税务调查时可以毫不延迟地提交。

关于宽限措施

2023 年税制修改规定了一个新的宽限措施,在该宽限期内,电子数据可直接存储,无需遵守保存要求,条件是 "管辖税务署长认为有合理理由 "且未满足保存要求,如检索条件,以及 "税务调查等时,可分别对下载电子数据和提交或提交输出文件的要求做出回应"。

不过,即使有这项宽限措施,也不允许只保存输出文件。根据将于 2023 年 12 月 31 日废除的宽恕措施,保存输出文件同时保存被视为电子数据的文件。 但是,2024年1月1日开始的新的宽限措施,除了出示输出文件外,还必须保存电子数据本身,并供出示等之用。

【要点】

  • 到2023年12月末:只保存输出书面即可
  • 2024年1月起:即使提交了输出文件,也需要保存电子数据本身。不能只保存输出书面文件

针对交际费的事件原告一部分胜诉

首先

关于将餐饮费等作为交际费处理的问题,如果是扩大人脉关系的抽象事物,则判断与业务没有关联性。

本案概要

本案的原告是 A 公司和 B 公司,均为中小型企业,资本金不超过 1 亿日元(每年最多可扣除 800 万日元的交际费),经营广告和餐饮业务。

A 公司和 B 公司的代表董事都是 C。他们与摄影师 D、建筑师 E、俱乐部经理 F、酒吧经理 G以及饮食生产商 H一起吃喝,并将吃喝费用作为 A 公司和 B 公司的交际费用。

关于这一点,在税务调查中,A公司和B公司各项支出不属于交际费进行了修正纳税申报,但后来声称该费用确实属于交际费,又提出了更正请求。因此发生了争执。

各项支出中有一部分属于交际费

东京地方法院首先认为,法人实体支付的餐饮费用必须满足以下条件,才能被认定为交际费用:支出目的不能是一般性的或抽象的,而必须与法人实体的业务具体相关。

在这次的事例中,与摄影师D、建筑师E的饮食费与A公司以及B公司的业务有具体的关联,承认了相当于交际费。另一方面,俱乐部经理 F、酒吧经理 G、饮食生产商H的饮食费判定为不属于交际费。

摄影师D是为多家公司进行广告创作工作的订单关系,目前业务关系仍在持续;建筑师E是委托餐厅等室内设计的关系,业务关系仍在以每年约5至10例的速度持续。

另一方面,与俱乐部经理F、酒吧经理G、饮食生产商H等人的饮食与A公司、B公司的业务没有明显的关联,判断其只是抽象的扩大人脉关系的需要,不能认定为交际费用。

  • 开支的另一方是与业务有关的人员,但须注明与支出有关的吃喝等的日期和时间。
  • 开支的目的是增进与对方的亲密友谊,以促进业务关系。
  • 开支方式应为娱乐、接待、慰问、赠送礼品或其他类似行为。

东京地方法院在审查交际费等的符合性时解释为:“除非确认法人支付的与饮食等有关的个人业务招待与该招待、招待的另一方之间进行的个别且特定的交易、合同等之间存在严格联系,否则不能认定与该业务的相关性。”

仅仅为了扩大自己人脉而进行的抽象活动不被视为 与工作有关。这一点被认为是重点。

如何考虑偿还借款的原资

偿还原资主要有4个

明确还款来源是贷款审批过程中分发的审批文件中的一项重要内容。偿还银行贷款的资金来源主要有四种。

  1. 企业盈利产生的现金流量
  2. 预计日后的大笔存款
  3. 短期内的预计存款
  4. 无偿还来源
偿还原资 资金用途 偿还方法示例
企业盈利产生的现金流量 设备资金、长期运行资金 长期分期偿还
预计日后的大笔存款 周转资金 存款时一次性偿还
短期内的预计存款 季节性资金、奖金资金、纳税资金 短期分期偿还
无偿还来源 经常运行资金 无偿还(转租等)

企业盈利产生的现金流量

其理念是,偿还贷款的资金来源是经营活动所获得的利润所产生的现金。银行计算公司现金流的简化方法是“本期净利润+折旧费-偿还借款本金”。

例如,前期决算显示本期净利润为2,000万日元,折旧费为500万日元,已偿还借款本金为400万日元,那么现金流量将为正2,100万日元。如果新贷款的年偿还额在2,100万日元以内,则该公司被认为有能力偿还贷款,更有可能获得贷款。

预计日后的大笔存款

有些情况下,会有大额收款计划,如销售收入,但销售成本需要提前支付。 在这种情况下,贷款会以预定付款日作为还款日。 这种贷款称为过渡资金。

短期内的预计存款

例如,服装制造业在6~9月期间制造冬季服装,增加库存,10月以后销售,并在 11月~1月收回资金,那么将在6~9月需要资金,并在11月~1月回收资金。如果在需要资金的时期贷款,在能够回收资金的时期偿还,资金周转就会变得顺畅。这种资金使用称为季节性资金。 虽然这只是一个估算,因为支付日期和金额并不固定,但它被认为是相对确定的,银行将以此作为偿还贷款的来源。

无偿还来源

通常运行资金是贷款的资金用途之一,计算公式为"(应收账款 + 应收票据 + 存货)-(应付账款 + 应付票据)"。 这是所需的营运资金数额,是不能兑现的数额, 只要企业继续经营,就有必要,并认为没有还款来源。

虽说没有偿还原资,但未必是坏事。 随着销售额的增长,应收账款和存货的增长超过应付账款是正常的。 在这种情况下,随着经常运行资金所需金额的增加,可以协商增加短期持续贷款的金额。 这样,通过明确还款来源,明确还款依据,可能更容易获得新贷款。

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