NEWS

NEWS

NEWS

2022.07.26

电子发票制度中,旅费交通费的处理

首先

员工垫付的少量旅费交通费也需要开具电子发票吗?还是需要其他的什么文件呢?

当前现行制度的确认

现行的分类记载发票等保存样式中,如果交易金额小于30,000日元(含税),或者有令人信服的理由没有收到发票,即使没有保存发票等,也可以通过保存会计账簿来允许扣除进项税额。

在电子发票制度中,虽然这些措施将被废除,但是对于一定的交易,只要保存了会计帐簿,仍可以作为扣除进项税额。

员工垫付费用的处理

关于差旅费大多情况都是,员工直接准备公共交通工具的车票,并在日后结算。在这种情况下,原则上需要运营商给的发票,以便企业扣除进项税额。如果发票的消费对象不是企业,而是垫付的员工,则因不满足进项税扣除的税法条件,企业是不能作为进项税额扣除的。

在这种情况下,除了发票外还需要员工准备一份 “垫付结算单”。 这个'“垫付结算单”是可以更明确员工递交的发票,实际上是为企业垫付的,而不是给员工个人的。

虽然没有明确“垫付结算单”的具体记载事项,但一般的旅费结算应该不会有什么问题的。

即使没有电子发票,30,000日元以下的公共交通工具(公共汽车,火车等)的乘客运输发票是免提交的,因此作为付款方的企业也可以通过只保留会计账簿,作为进项税额扣除是被认可的。这被称为公共交通工具特例。

为了适用该公共交通工具特例,除了以下内容之外,还需要在账簿上记载“公共交通工具特例”等注文,一定要注意。

  1. 对方姓名
  2. 交易日期
  3. 服务内容
  4. 支付报酬额

企业向员工支付差旅费时的处理

企业向员工支付差旅费等时,进项课税的对象是员工。对于通常出差所需且得到认可金额,仅保留会计账簿就可以扣除进项税额,这被称为差旅费等特例。差旅费特例的特点是,没有像公共交通特例那样的金额标准。

如果被认为正常所需的出差费用,3万日元以上也是被认可,但是会计账簿上要求和公共交通特例的情况一样,除了1.~4.的记载事项之外,出差费特例等注文需要列出来。像这样,即使在电子发票制度下,也无需对旅费交通费的报销和支付程序进行大的改动。但是,需要在会计账簿中增加记载事项,在这一点上必须注意。

帐簿文件电子数据保存制度

首先

长期以书面形式保存账簿、发票、收据等可能会给公司带来重大负担。想办法尽量减轻负担。

帐簿文件的保存期限是?

公司法规定,帐簿文件等的保存期限为10年。关于收据和发票等文件,公司法并没有特别规定保存期间。

另一方面,法人税法要求,原则上,有关交易的账簿和文件应保存7年(在某些情况下为9年)。 在现实中,似乎许多公司按照法人税法而不是公司法的规定,将账簿和文件保存7年。

然而,即使法律规定的保留期已过也最好要保管起来的文件,比如重要的合同,财务报表、公司纳税申报单、总账以及房地产相关文件等。 即使保存期间过后,有时也会需要。

对那些应该半永久保存的文件和那些只应该在法律规定的期限内保存的文件进行分类和整理也很重要。

什么是帐簿文件的电子数据保存

通常情况下,记账文件必须纸张保存。 然而,在某些条件下,允许将公司编制的记账文件以电子格式存储在电脑上。 例如,日记账和总账以电子数据保存,而其他账簿则以纸账本形式存储,类似这样已有一部分是电子数据保存的话也是被认可的。
但是,在记账过程中有一部分完全没通过电脑,只是单纯手抄账本的话,是不满足账簿电子数据保存制度条件的。

例如,如果使用会计软件做账,基本上会一直使用电脑来记账,显然而知是符合电子数据保存制度条件的。

所涉及的对象文件

“国税关系账簿”和“国税关系文件”,这些“国税关系账簿文件”是本制度的对象文件。 这不仅包括作为纳税人在其电脑上编制的账簿的日记账、总账、经费账目等,还包括纳税人在其电脑上编制的资产负债表、损益表等结算相关文件。

不再需要事先批准

直到现在,电子数据的存储还需要管辖税务署长的事先批准。 然而,2021年的税制改革取消了管辖税务署长的事先批准制度,对账簿和文件的电子保存也不在需要社么特殊手续了。 但是,对同一个财政年度从中途裁才开始以电子方式保存账簿和记录,是不被电子保存制度所认可的。

上述规定仅适用于法人税法所要求的账簿和文件的保存。 已经过了法律规定期限的文件可以以电子方式保存而不受这些规则的约束,所以这一点可以灵活利用。

知道贷款的种类吗?

首先

目前的现状是,近三分之二的中小企业从银行获得贷款。来了解一下银行贷款,期待能对公司的资金周转有所帮助。

贷款的类型及其差异

类型 特征
证书贷款 通过签署贷款协议获得贷款的方法。用于还款期超过一年的长期贷款。
票据贷款 通过向银行出示借据来获得贷款的方法。通常用于还款期为一年或更短的短期贷款。
短期透支 设定一个限额,并在该限额内自由贷款和偿还的方法。
票据贴现 通过让银行购买从供应商处收到的票据来筹集资金的方法。

所谓证书贷款

所谓证书贷款是指,从银行贷款时,通过与银行签署“金钱消费借贷契约书“的方式来融资的一种方式。在“金钱消费借贷契约书“上有贷款金额,利息,偿还期限及偿还方法等记录,贷款方要签字盖章,另外联合担保人也要签字盖章。证书贷款用于还款期超过一年的贷款。 由于贷款要在很长一段时间内偿还,所以要根据事业的将来性以及事业计划等来评估审查。

通过证书贷款获得的资金的用途包括长期运行资金或设备投资资金。因建筑物和机械等设备一旦投入就会长期使用,所以如果在1年内偿还,资金周转会变得困难。

因此,设备投资资金的融资通常设置了一年以上的长期还款,所以通过证书贷款来融资。证书贷款的好处是还款·期长,资金周转容易稳定。其缺点是程序复杂。每次以契约方式发放贷款时,要求贷款公司和联合担保人必须在贷款协议上签字盖章,并收集双方的履历事项全部证明书和印章证明书等文件。

什么是票据贷款

票据贷款是将票据抵押给银行从而获得贷款的一种方法。借款票据中,接受借款的公司为支付方,提供借款的银行为收取方,并注明票据的支付日期即是偿还日期。即使是没有往来账户的公司或在普通商业交易中不开支票的公司也可以使用这种借款的专门票据,也就是说可以通过票据贷款方式进行贷款。

票据贷款是在一年内的短期内偿还的贷款。票据贷款不需要像证书贷款那样每次贷款都要进行连带保证人的签名盖章,也不要求提交全部履历事项的证明书和印章证明书。

不需要在借据上签字盖章就可以获得贷款,在程序上比证书贷款更容易。 票据贷款用于短期还款,如缴税、奖金和周转资金。

对银行来说,票据贷款是一种比较容易的融资方法,因为还款期为一年或更短的短期贷款比还款期超过一年的长期贷款偿还得更快。

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