NEWS

NEWS

NEWS

2023.01.26

修改后的发票制度

首先

发票制度将于2023年10月实施政策。有关小规模经营者发票制度的新政策也在研讨中。

关于发票制度的新措施

为了顺利实施2023年10月1日开始的消费税发票制度,目前正在讨论以下3个修改方案。

修改案①的措施是在导入发票制度中,免税经营者选择课税经营者时的特例。在这种情况下,将纳税额减少到销售额的2成。对基准期间(上一年/上一财政年度)的课税销售额在1000万日元以下的小规模经营者实施3年。

选择纳税经营者需要缴纳的消费税额每个企业是不同的。但是,这个消费税额施减少了2成的纳税额。对于小规模经营者来说施非常有利的措施。

影响众多经营者的修改提案

修改案②是适用于基准期间(上一年/上一财政年度)的课税销售额在1亿日元以下的经营者的措施,对于不满1万日元的课税采购,即使没有发票的保存,也可以只记载在账簿上扣除进项税额。

现行的制度中,对于不满3万日元的课税采购,即使没有收据等的保存,只要保存了帐簿,就可以适用进项税额扣除。另一方面,在发票制度中,原则上无论金额大小,适用进项税额扣除都需要保存发票,但是到了这里不满1万日元的课税采购,将不再需要保存发票。

预计这将在发票制度生效后的6年内适用。

少额的返还是不需要保存发票

修正案③,为了对应在决算时,买方有关汇款手续费等经费,卖方的销售折扣等更事务增加的很多负担。针对1万日元不到的少额的销售折扣是不需要提交返还发票。

规定在退回销售对价的情况下,必须开具新的退货发票,但对于小数额来说,是没有必要提交。

发票制度中差旅费特例、公共交通机关特例

首先

如果公司支付员工的出差费用,要保存的文件取决于公司与谁结算。在发票制度下,员工的差旅费用只需保存分类账就可以适用进项税额扣除。但是,这种例外只有在对方是雇员的情况下才允许。我们仔细核对一下,以免弄错。

差旅费特例和公共交通机关特例

在发票制度下,为了适用进项税额扣除,原则上需要保存发票。但是,对于难以领取发票的交易,账本上需记录事项就可以适用进项税额扣除。

作为难以领取发票的交易,可以举出支付给员工等的通常必要的出差旅费等(出差旅费特例)和不足3万日元的公共交通的旅客运输(公共交通机关特例)等。

例如,公司事先安排员工出差所需的新干线车票2万日元和住宿用酒店1.2万日元。关于新干线的车票,由于结算对象是铁路公司,金额也不到3万日元,所以适用公共交通机关特例,只保存账簿就可以享受进项税额扣除。因此,对于新干线的车票,即使没有保存发票,也可以适用进项税额扣除。

另一方面,关于酒店费用,因为不是公共交通工具,所以为了获得进项税额扣除,需要保存发票。但是,如果酒店费用不到1万日元且公司基准期间的课税销售额不到1亿日元的话,根据第一篇报道中记载的修改方案②(参照前页),也可以考虑不需要保存发票。

如果是这次的例子的话,酒店费是1.2万日元,所以一定要保存发票。

出差旅费特例是没有限制

公司与铁路公司或酒店直接结算时的处理如上所述。但是,公司与员工结算时,无论金额和名义如何,出差旅费等整体都可以适用出差旅费特例。

-结算方式将取决于公司直接与铁路公司或酒店结算,还是与员工结算等处理方式也不一样。

例如,在前面的例子中,员工垫付了2万日元的新干线车票和 1.2万日元的酒店费用,然后出差后与公司结账。无论哪种情况,由于交易是在公司和员工之间进行的,因此无需保存发票。

即使新干线的车票价超过3万日元以上也是一样的。因为使用的特例不是公共交通工具特例,而是出差旅费特例。3万日元以上的公共交通工具的车票费和酒店费都不保存发票,只保存账簿就可以获得进项税额扣除。

然而,请注意,虽然对出差旅费特例没有设置上限,但必须在通常被认为是出差所需的范围内。

原则上保存发票

因此,在某些事务处理中,即使没有保存发票,也可以应用进项税额扣除。

但是,这毕竟只是一种特殊的处理方式,所以请不要忘记保存发票这一原则性的处理。

如何与银行打交道

首先

金融机构不仅有民间的金融机构,也有政府附属金融机构。中小企业想贷款时,应该考虑哪种金融机构呢?考虑一下如何与银行打交道吧。

金融机构的种类大致分为两种

金融机构大致可以分为①民间金融机构(银行、信用金库、信用组合)、②政府附属金融机构。

许多企业首次融资一般都会从政府附属金融机构日本政策金融公库获得融资。然而,政府附属金融机构被定位为民间金融机构的补充。

最理想的情况是主要从民间金融机构获得贷款,并辅以政府附属金融机构的贷款,而不是继续主要从日本政策金融公库获得贷款。

如何分别使用大型银行、地方银行、信用社和信贷联盟

银行有大型银行、地方银行。大银行是指三菱UFJ银行、三井住友银行、瑞穗银行,与各都道府县的地方银行区别开来。这些应该怎么分开使用呢。

首先,除非公司年销售额至少达到10亿日元,否则很难与大型银行打交道。 一些大型银行向年销售额低于10亿日元的中小企业提供有信用担保协会的贷款,但他们不太可能给你提供专业贷款。

年销售额低于10亿日元的公司,无论是担保贷款还是专业贷款,都应该从地方银行、信用金库、信用组合获得贷款,而不是大型银行。考虑到将来,即使是同样的担保贷款,比起大型银行,从地方银行、信用金库、信用组合获得更好。因为即使从大型银行得到担保贷款,也不能连接到下一个专业贷款,所以没有什么意义。

需要注意的是,如果可以同时接受担保贷款和专业贷款,最好是接受专业贷款,但是因为没有信用保证协会的保证,所以在银行的贷款审查一般很严格。

而且,如果能够获得专业贷款,想把审查与专业贷款相比不严格的担保贷款留在后面。

这样做的原因是,想保留信用担保机制,以备将来由于经营业绩恶化无法获得专业贷款。

另外,地方银行、信用金库、信用组合不仅可以提供执行额为数千万日元的贷款,还可以提供数百万日元的小额贷款。地方银行、信用金库、信用组合作为扎根于地区的金融机构,是与地区企业共存共荣的立场。

虽然只是一般的说法,但是在企业业绩变差的情况下,地方银行、信用金库、信用组合也能看到很多亲力亲为的银行职员。另一方面,大型银行的态度无论什么时候都不会有太大的变化。

当公司规模较小时,最好把地方银行、信用金库、信用组合作为主要银行来考虑。

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  • Russell Bedford
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